In recent years, Pertamina has expanded its international presence through PT Pertamina International EP (PIEP) and other subsidiaries. Pertamina’s overseas presence includes both investments and partnerships the oil and gas sector as well as in renewable energy and other low-carbon businesses.

To secure Indonesia's energy supply and earn foreign capital, Pertamina has been acquiring and operating upstream oil and gas assets overseas, which supply energy products that are either sold in the global market or imported back to Indonesia. For example, Pertamina owns large parts of working oil fields in Iraq (West Qurna-1) and Algeria. They also have active oil projects in African countries like Gabon, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Angola. In Southeast Asia, PIEP also operates offshore production-sharing blocks close to regional maritime borders, such as Block SK-305 in Malaysia. 

To support Indonesia’s green energy transition, Pertamina recently paid $120 million to own 20% of a large solar power company in the Philippines and made deals to build solar farms in Bangladesh. Furthermore, Pertamina has also received green funding to partner with French companies to develop clean technology for European markets, such as with MGH Energy to create sustainable airplane fuel (e-SAF) and e-methanol, with Verso Energy to make synthetic fuels, and with Genvia to develop green hydrogen production technology.

The green energy paradox refers to the tension between global utilitarian goals and localized rights-based concerns, such as when preventing global climate catastrophe relies directly on escalating ecological destruction and exploitation of the global south. For instance, the widespread adoption of electric vehicles may reduce carbon emissions worldwide, but also accelerates environmental degradation in countries that supplies the rare earth minerals needed to manufacture batteries.

Guyana discovered commercially viable offshore oil reserves in 2015 and began commercial production in 2019. Most offshore oil production is operated by a consortium led by ExxonMobil, alongside Hess and CNOOC. Since then, Guyana has become one of the world's fastest-growing oil producers, with oil revenues expected to dominate its economy and public finances over the coming decades.

The discoveries and expansion occurred after the adoption of the 2015 Paris Agreement, during a period in which many countries has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning away from fossil fuels. At the same time, recent geopolitical tensions and disruptions to global oil supply chains, including instability affecting key shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz, have reinforced concerns over global energy security and sustained demand for new sources of oil.

<ul><li><b>Computing systems </b>refer to the infrastructure and network that host and manage business software to solve specific problems. There are two types of computing systems: cloud and on-premise.
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Cloud computing </b>is a shared infrastructure, owned and maintained by third-party providers like Amazon Web Services or Microsoft Azure. It is rented to companies on a subscription plan and offers fast scalability with lower initial costs. However, it requires strict security protocols and compliance certifications.
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On-premise computing </b>is dedicated to a single organization and maintained locally on the user's physical hardware and servers. It allows complete control over data, security measures, and system updates. However, it requires substantial initial investments in specialized hardware and internal IT teams.</li></ul>

Vocational "link and match" policy seeks to align the teaching in vocational high schools (SMK) and polytechnics with the needs of related industries and potential employers, such as through the involvement of private corporations in curriculum design and other forms of strategic partnerships.

For the purposes of this debate, passion jobs refers to roles for which one may sacrifice stable income, predictable hours, and a clear career path for emotional fulfillment and moral obligation.

Offshore drilling refers to the exploration, extraction, and production of petroleum and natural gas from beneath the ocean floor. Currently, offshore drilling is regulated by the closest state-level regulatory body such as Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement in the United States, Offshore Oil and Gas Authorities Group in Europe, and Satuan Kerja Khusus Minyak dan Gas Bumi in Indonesia—this is true regardless of where in the ocean drilling occurs.

Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfDs) are government contracts that encourage companies to invest in low-carbon industries (e.g., green steel, green hydrogen, and carbon capture). Under these contracts, governments agree to cover the difference between the production costs of green products and their non-green alternatives. If the market carbon prices falls below the market price, the government will pay the company and thus covering the cost of adopting green technology; if it later rise above the agreed level, companies return the excess to the government.

Several countries, including, the United Kingdom, Germany and other members of the European Union have adopted or proposed CCfDs.